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Members of the Vancouver Police forensics team examine a victim's phone while investigating the scene where a vehicle drove into crowd at a street festival Saturday evening in Vancouver, Sunday, April 27, 2025. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Rich Lam The suspect in the Vancouver Lapu Lapu Day festival attack  has been declared mentally fit to stand trial. Adam Kai-Ji Lo now faces 42 charges, including 11 counts of second-degree murder and 31 counts of attempted murder, after the April 26 SUV assault that left 11 people dead and dozens injured. Vancouver Lapu Lapu Day Festival Attack: What Happened on April 26 The attack took place during evening celebrations along Fraser Street, where hundreds had gathered for the annual festival. An SUV plowed into the crowd, killing 11 people and injuring dozens more. Witnesses described scenes of panic as emergency crews and bystanders rushed to help victims. Flowers and memorials were placed along Fraser Street in the days that followed, marking what Mayor Ken Sim later called “the darkest day in the history of Vancouver.” Adam Kai-Ji Lo Ruled Fit to Stand Trial At a provincial court hearing in Vancouver, Judge Reginald P. Harris ruled that Adam Kai-Ji Lo is mentally fit to stand trial. The decision followed a fitness hearing in July where two forensic psychiatrists were called as expert witnesses before legal arguments were presented by Crown prosecutor Michaela Donnelly and defence lawyer Mark Swartz. In his ruling, Harris said Lo understands the nature and consequences of the proceedings, can communicate with his lawyer, and is able to conduct his defence. The judge also ordered Lo be detained in hospital while awaiting trial. Because of a publication ban, the specific evidence and testimony that led to the ruling cannot be reported, though the outcome itself is public. A media consortium, including The Canadian Press, is challenging the scope of the ban, with a ruling expected later this week. New Charges Laid: Murder and Attempted Murder Counts Prosecutors confirmed that Adam Kai-Ji Lo now faces a total of 42 criminal charges. In addition to the 11 counts of second-degree murder filed shortly after the incident, the B.C. Prosecution Service has added 31 charges of attempted murder, each tied to surviving victims of the April 26 attack. Vancouver Police Chief Const. Steve Rai called the decision “another step toward answers and accountability in one of the most horrific incidents our city has ever faced.” He praised investigators for their work on what he described as a mass-casualty case that has tested the department’s resources and resolve. Police said the expanded list of charges reflects the scope of the tragedy and ensures every victim is represented in court proceedings. Community Reaction to the Vancouver Lapu Lapu Day Tragedy Outside provincial court, Kristina Corpin-Moser of Filipino B.C. said the ruling brings mixed emotions for the community. While there is relief that the case will proceed to trial, she noted it also signals the beginning of a long and difficult process for survivors and families of victims. Mayor Ken Sim called April 26 “the darkest day in the history of Vancouver” and said he is encouraged to see the case moving forward. “It is good to know that the victims, their families and the surrounding community will have the chance to receive justice,” he said in a statement. Community members have continued to hold memorials along Fraser Street, with flowers and messages left at the scene. Advocacy groups say many residents remain focused on healing and supporting one another as the trial approaches. Public Safety Review After Vancouver Festival Attack In the aftermath of the tragedy, the City of Vancouver launched a review of safety measures for large public gatherings. The final report, released in early September, concluded that planning for the Lapu Lapu Day festival had followed required protocols, including a risk assessment that deemed the likelihood of a major incident low. Despite this finding, the review outlined new recommendations aimed at preventing similar attacks. Among the proposals were stronger vehicle barriers at festival sites, revised traffic control plans, and closer coordination between event organizers and law enforcement. Mayor Ken Sim said the recommendations are an important step toward restoring public confidence. “We must ensure that when residents gather to celebrate, they feel safe,” he said. City officials are now considering whether permanent vehicle barriers should be installed in high-traffic festival areas. What Comes Next in the Vancouver Lapu Lapu Day Festival Case With 42 charges now before the court, the trial of Adam Kai-Ji Lo is expected to be lengthy and closely watched. A publication ban continues to restrict details of the psychiatric evidence presented during the fitness hearing, though media organizations are challenging the scope of the order. For families and survivors, the legal process represents both a path to accountability and a reminder of the April 26 tragedy. City officials say the case, along with the safety review, will shape how Vancouver manages public festivals in the years ahead.

You pick up a mascara or perfume in Seattle, the same one you’ve seen on shelves in Vancouver. The packaging looks identical. But what’s inside may not be. Canada and the United States follow different rules for cosmetics. Health Canada enforces a “Hotlist” of banned or restricted chemicals, while the U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not require pre-market approval for most products and has no central banned list. That split means a fragrance or nail polish bought legally in an American store can contain ingredients that regulators in Canada have already prohibited for safety reasons. Why Canada and the U.S. Treat Cosmetics Differently Canada’s cosmetic rules are built around prevention. Health Canada updates its Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist regularly, giving companies a clear list of substances they cannot use. The U.S. system developed differently. The Food and Drug Administration does not review most cosmetics before they are sold, and there is no centralized banned list. Instead, responsibility often falls to the courts, state governments, or recalls after a product is already on the market. For consumers, that means Canada emphasizes blocking high-risk ingredients up front, while the U.S. relies more on catching problems later. That means a mascara sold legally in the U.S. may not meet Canadian requirements. 6 Chemicals Banned in Canadian Cosmetics but Still Allowed in the U.S. 1. Phthalates (DEP, DBP, DEHP) Phthalates are chemicals used to make nail polish flexible and fragrances last longer. They are manufactured by reacting phthalic anhydride with alcohols and are common in perfumes, sprays, and nail products. Health Canada prohibits DEHP in cosmetics because of evidence of reproductive and developmental risks. In the U.S., phthalates are not federally banned in cosmetics, meaning certain products sold in American stores may still contain them, while Canadian versions must comply with stricter rules. 2. Formaldehyde and Methylene Glycol Formaldehyde, or its liquid form methylene glycol, can be present in hair-smoothing treatments and some nail hardeners. It can also be released in small amounts from preservatives such as DMDM hydantoin in shampoos and lotions. Health Canada prohibits formaldehyde and methylene glycol in most cosmetics, allowing only limited use in nail hardeners with warning labels. The FDA has not imposed a broad federal ban, though a proposed rule would restrict use in hair straighteners. This difference means certain products may be marketed in the U.S. that would not be permitted in Canada. 3. Mercury in Skin-Lightening and Eye Products Mercury compounds have historically been used in skin-lightening creams and some eye-area products. Exposure to mercury has been associated with kidney and neurological effects. Mercury is prohibited in all cosmetics in Canada. In the U.S., up to 65 ppm is still technically allowed in eye-area products if no safer alternative is available, although the FDA has stated that no such products are currently marketed. 4. Benzene (Contaminant) Benzene is a petroleum-derived solvent that has been associated in studies with blood disorders and cancers. It is not added intentionally to cosmetics but has occasionally been detected as a contaminant in aerosol products such as dry shampoos and sunscreens. Benzene is listed on Health Canada’s Hotlist as prohibited in cosmetics. In the U.S., there is no explicit federal ban in cosmetics, and recalls are issued only if testing shows unacceptable levels. 5. Fragrance Allergens Fragrance mixtures can contain dozens of chemicals, including allergens such as limonene and linalool. These are used widely in perfumes, shampoos, lotions, and soaps. Canada has adopted new rules requiring more than 80 fragrance allergens to be listed on cosmetic labels by 2028. In the U.S., labels are not yet required to disclose these allergens individually and may only list “fragrance” as a generic term. 6. Talc (Asbestos Risk) Talc is a mineral used in powders, blushes, and pressed makeup for its absorbent and silky texture. Concerns arise because natural talc deposits can be contaminated with asbestos, a known carcinogen. Health Canada has assessed talc as a potential health risk and is moving toward tighter restrictions. In the U.S., talc remains permitted in cosmetics, though the FDA has proposed new testing standards to monitor for asbestos contamination. Screenshot the Chemicals Banned in Canadian Cosmetics staysafevancouver.com Why the Rules on Chemicals Banned in Canadian Cosmetics Differ From the U.S. Both countries look at scientific evidence, but they act on it in different ways. Canada often applies a precautionary approach. If there is credible evidence a chemical may pose a risk, restrictions or bans are put in place sooner. The U.S. typically waits for stronger, long-term proof before acting, which means some ingredients remain legal there for longer. Legal frameworks also differ. In the U.S., cosmetics law has historically given manufacturers more freedom and fewer pre-market checks, while Canada requires ingredient notification and maintains an active Hotlist. Industry influence plays a role as well. The U.S. market is larger and lobbying pressure is stronger, which can slow down regulatory changes. Canada has generally leaned more toward risk aversion and consumer protection in its cosmetic safety decisions. What This Means for Shoppers The same brand may sell different versions of a product depending on the country. Products marketed in Canada are required to comply with Health Canada’s rules, while U.S. formulations may include ingredients that are restricted here. For consumers, the key point is that Canada applies a more precautionary approach. When buying products online or from U.S. retailers, it is possible to purchase cosmetics that would not meet Canadian requirements. How Consumers Can Make Informed Choices Read labels : Ingredient lists can help identify substances of concern, such as formaldehyde-releasing preservatives. Purchase from Canadian retailers : Products marketed in Canada must follow Health Canada’s Hotlist and labeling rules. Check recalls : Both Health Canada and the FDA maintain online recall lists for cosmetics. Look for voluntary claims : Labels such as “phthalate-free” or “fragrance-free” are sometimes used by brands to market transparency. FAQ: Chemicals Banned in Canadian Cosmetics vs the U.S. Are parabens banned in Canada? No. Parabens are still allowed in Canadian cosmetics, though Health Canada monitors their safety. What cosmetic ingredients are banned in Canada? Canada prohibits ingredients such as DEHP (a phthalate), mercury, formaldehyde, benzene, and is reviewing talc and PFAS. What cosmetic ingredients are banned in the U.S.? The U.S. bans relatively few cosmetic ingredients, mainly mercury above 65 ppm and certain unapproved color additives. Can American makeup be sold in Canada? Yes, but products sold in Canada must comply with Health Canada’s Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist and related regulations. Why are some beauty products banned in Canada but not the U.S.? Canada maintains a precautionary Hotlist that restricts more chemicals, while U.S. oversight allows most ingredients unless later deemed unsafe. Is talc banned in Canada? No. Talc is not yet banned, but Health Canada has flagged it as a potential risk and is considering restrictions. Are PFAS banned in Canadian cosmetics? Not yet. Canada is reviewing PFAS as a class, while certain U.S. states such as California have already enacted bans. Is Sephora makeup the same in Canada and the U.S.? Not always. Brands may reformulate products to meet Canadian requirements, so ingredient lists can differ between countries. Disclaimer This article is for informational purposes only. It is based on publicly available information from Health Canada, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and related regulatory sources. It is not intended as legal or medical advice. For specific concerns about cosmetics safety or compliance, consult official government resources or a qualified professional.

Are you worried about being physically overpowered? Wondering whether it’s legal to carry a taser or stun gun in Canada for self-defense? Let’s look into your rights as a person defending themselves against an attacker and the laws that you’re up against. Quick Answers 10 Alternatives To Stun Guns For Self Defense Are Stun Guns Legal In Canada? Are Tasers Legal In Canada? Zap the Confusion: Difference Between Stun Guns & Tasers What Hurts More, a Stun Gun or Taser? Are Stun Guns or Tasers Lethal? Do Stun Guns Go Through Clothes? Do Stun Guns Look The Same As Tasers? Are Tasers Legal? Difference Between A Stun Gun vs Taser In Canada, tasers are illegal for civilians to carry as self-defense weapons and are classified as "prohibited weapons." Tasers can only be used by law enforcement for self-defense and crowd control because there are many concerns about the potential harm they can cause when they’re used improperly. Canadian law enforcement have strict guidelines and training programs in place for using tasers. The RCMP have to re-certify every year to continue carrying a “conducted energy weapon. ” Sometimes the term “stun gun” and “taser” gets used interchangeably because they’re both conducted-energy weapons, but let’s break down the many differences. “ Taser ” is actually the brand name for the weapons now made by Axon. This electro-shock weapon fires tiny probes or darts that are connected to thin wires, causing neuromuscular incapacitation. This pistol-looking device is intended to be used for personal protection because they can reach targets up to 15 feet away, and the probes can emit multiple cycles of electricity of around 50,000 volts. The target is struck by the darts, which deliver electricity through the wires, disrupting the neuromuscular system and rendering the target temporarily paralyzed or if overused, potentially rendering them unconscious. The taser causes muscles to contract up to 19 times per second. Stun guns are for close range combat and have metal prongs at the top of the device. They are block-shaped like an electric shaver, but you can find them concealed in the form of a torch, phone or flashlight. They give the attacker a very painful, high-voltage shock - the pain is temporary but it does not paralyze the entire body like a taser does. At approximately three milliamps, the charge is not strong enough to damage the target’s body unless you hold down the weapon for an excessively long period of time. Officers are trained to use all energy-conducting weapons are only supposed to use them when a person is “causing, or may soon cause, themselves or someone else harm.” Are Stun Guns or Tasers Legal In Canada? You may be tempted to carry one in your handbag, but personal stun guns are illegal in Canada, and if you possess one, this is considered a criminal offense and possession of a weapon. Canada categorizes weapons into “prohibited” and “unprohibited weapons.” And both stun guns and tasers are considered prohibited weapons. Stun guns can only be used by police officers who use them as a non-lethal alternative to firearms. The RCMP are permitted to use stun guns in situations where they feel under threat (according to the Canadian Criminal Code Section 85) and where all other options have been exhausted. This includes verbal communication and empty-hand control techniques, which is a fancy way of saying all techniques that don’t involve any kind of weapon. So, What About Cattle Prods? Cattle prods are legal stun guns, as long as they are used only for the purpose of a deterrent against animals and are over a length of 480mm. Cattle prods must be used for cattle, to deter dog attacks and so on. It is illegal to use them on a person, or intended to be used on a person, as then they become a prohibited weapon in accordance with the Criminal Code of Canada. 10 Alternatives To Stun Guns You can read my comprehensive guide on the 10 best self defense tools you can carry, but I've given you a quick rundown below as well. Dog Spray Tactical Pen Personal Safety Alarms Security Umbrellas Diversion Water bottle Self-Defense Keychains Flashlights Apple AirTag GPS Watches with Safety Features Safety whistles 1. Dog Spray In Canada, it's illegal to tell a policeman that you're carrying pepper spray for self-defense. But, you can carry dog spray  to use against dogs, wildlife and (ahem) animals. Read our full guide on whether bear spray for self defense in Canada here . 2. Tactical Pen If you’re trapped in a car, you can break glass with a Tactical Pen (otherwise known as a windshield breaker). But it's illegal to carry this if you intend to use it as a weapon in Canada, so remember - you will only be carrying this on your person because it's a normal pen . For writing with ... for your exam. Read my full guide on the 10 best tactical pens here . 3. Personal Safety Alarms Personal alarms  let an extremely loud noise to draw attention to your situation and deter and disorient attackers. 4. Security Umbrellas City Safe Self Defense Umbrella A security umbrella , on the surface, appears and functions like any regular umbrella, offering the typical utility you'd expect. However, it's engineered with a robust frame and a steel tip for a forceful defensive response. 5. Diversion Water Bottle Hide your cash, cards, keys and those little treasures you don't want the world to find. And here's the best part: If needed, when filled with ice, it can serve as a makeshift defense tool. This bottle offers a smart, subtle way to keep your valuables secure while staying hydrated. 6. Self-defense keychains Self-defense keychains are compact, easy-to-carry devices designed for personal protection, either by striking an assailant or creating noise to draw attention. 7. Tactical Flashlights Your every day flashlight can be used as self-defense tool by shining it in an attacker's eyes to blind and disorient them. Flashlights are of course legal to carry in Canada, unlike many other self-defense tools. This means that you can have one on hand at all times in your bag without worrying about breaking the law. 8. Apple AirTag Although Apple’s AirTag is primarily designed to track personal items, it can also play a role in enhancing your personal safety. By discreetly placing an AirTag in your bag or attaching it to your keychain, you establish a covert connection between yourself and those closest to you. Your friends and family can then use the Find My app to effortlessly monitor your location while you're commuting or out for a jog. 9. GPS Watch GPS watches  are your guardian angel. A fusion of fitness and protection, they're the jogger's trusted companion as they track your location real-time. Fitbit Versa 4 Fitness Smart Watch 10. Safety whistles Safety whistles  in Canada is completely lawful. You can conveniently wear it around your neck or stash it in a handbag or pocket for easy access in case of emergencies. What Hurts More, a Stun Gun or Taser? A taser and a stun gun are similar in terms of the pain they cause to the attacker, but the taser has a greater ability to disrupt muscle movements and prevent an assailant from advancing towards you by paralyzing them. The effects of a taser last less than one hour. Stun gun effects are temporary and end once you stop pressing down the stun gun onto the attacker. Using the stun gun for ½ a second causes a moment of pain. Zapping one to two seconds causes muscle spasms and confusion. A zap that’s longer than three seconds disorients and causes great temporary pain to the attacker. Are Stun Guns Or Tasers Lethal? A taser shock can cause “cardiac arrest” and death, according to a 2012 study . Tasers can impair brain function such as causing reduced verbal learning and memory, but these effects last under an hour. The effects lasted, on average, less than one hour. A stun gun is not lethal but causes a significant amount of pain. There is no permanent damage from a stun gun. Do Stun Guns Go Through Clothes? Stun guns can penetrate clothing due to the high voltage electric shock placed directly on the attacker's body, but very heavy clothing (like thick jackets) will reduce the shock’s effectiveness. Does a Stun Gun Look The Same As A Taser? Tasers are pistol-shaped, whereas stun guns are small, handheld devices often found in the form of a torch. What Can I Carry As Self Defense? In Canada it's illegal to carry any weapon with the intention of self-defense. However, if you intend to (and just happen to) be carrying bear spray and you just happen to use it if you get attacked by another person, You can read the full guide on pepper spray and bear spray here for more info . Related articles: 5 Best Self-Defense Umbrellas 10 Best Self-Defense Gifts For Her 5 Best Tactical Flashlights For Self-Defense 10 Best Tactical Pens On Amazon (Canada Edition)

24-year-old Taran Pandher, left, and 34-year-old Shahaib Abasi were gunned down in separate incidents nearly a week apart this month, but RCMP say both deaths were connected to the ongoing B.C. gang conflict. Photo by RCMP /PNG Two men known to police were shot dead in separate attacks in Langley and Burnaby less than a week apart. Investigators say the killings of 24-year-old Taran Pandher and 34-year-old Shahaib Abasi are connected to the ongoing B.C. gang conflict. Both murders were followed by burning vehicles, a hallmark of Metro Vancouver gang hits, and the homicide team is now appealing for witnesses and dashcam footage. Taxi Shooting in Langley On September 5, 2025, just before 10:30 p.m., Langley RCMP found Taran Pandher shot inside a taxi near 200 Street and 53 Avenue. Efforts to save him were unsuccessful. Roughly 30 minutes later, a vehicle was found burning near 132 Street and 64A Avenue in Surrey. Investigators believe it was connected to the killing. IHIT confirmed the homicide was targeted. Pandher was known to police. Burnaby Attack Outside McDonald’s On September 10, 2025, just before 5:30 p.m., Shahaib Abasi was fatally shot outside a McDonald’s near Still Creek Avenue and Still Creek Drive in Burnaby. About 15 minutes later, a white Mitsubishi RVR was discovered burning near Nursery Street and Lakefield Drive. Police are working to confirm its role in the attack. Abasi, a Surrey resident, had also been the subject of previous police attention. In May, officers stopped his Tesla and seized $45,000 in cash, bear mace, and two cellphones. The money later tested positive for traces of several illicit drugs and is now under civil forfeiture. IHIT says the Burnaby killing was also targeted and connected to the gang conflict. Pattern of Gang-Related Violence Both cases share common elements of Metro Vancouver gang violence: Victims known to police Shootings carried out in public Vehicles set on fire shortly after the attacks “The gang landscape is complex and fluid,” said IHIT Cpl. Sukhi Dhesi. “Those responsible showed a complete disregard for public safety.” Police Appeal for Witnesses IHIT is asking the public for dashcam or CCTV footage from the following areas on September 5, 2025: 20200 block of 53A Avenue, Langley, 9–11 p.m. 13250 block of 64A Avenue, Surrey, 10:30–11:30 p.m. 19900 block of 53 Avenue, Langley, 10–11 p.m. Anyone with information about the Burnaby or Langley shootings is asked to call 1-877-551-IHIT (4448)  or email ihitinfo@rcmp-grc.gc.ca .

Forensics investigators are seen at a residential building on Sept. 7, two days after the triple stabbing. (Dillon Hodgin/ CBC ) The lone survivor of the Sept 5 triple stabbing in East Vancouver has died in hospital, Vancouver police said Monday. Jinfeng Guan, 50, died Thursday. Police said they have notified Crown counsel and are submitting evidence for consideration of additional charges. Viet Quy John Ly, 54, was charged Sept 7 with two counts of second degree murder and one count of aggravated assault , and he remains in custody. Timeline Of East Vancouver Triple Stabbing: Sept 5 to now Sept 5: Police respond shortly before 2 p.m. to a stabbing call in Joyce-Collingwood. A 50-year-old woman is found with life-threatening injuries near Vanness Avenue and Spencer Street, and two women are found deceased in another building near Joyce Street and Vanness Avenue. Sept 6 +7: Vancouver police arrest a 54-year-old man and the B.C. Prosecution Service later approves two counts of second degree murder and one count of aggravated assault against Viet Quy John Ly, 54. Sept 11: The surviving victim, identified as Jinfeng Guan, 50, dies in hospital. Sept 15: Vancouver police announce Guan’s death and say evidence is being submitted to Crown counsel for consideration of additional charges. Sept 17: Canadian Press reporting notes interim bail was denied and the next Vancouver Provincial Court appearance is set for Sept 26. An apartment building at 3264 Vanness Ave. in Vancouver that was the site of a double homicide on Sept. 5. (Credit: Jason Payne) Who The Victims Are & The Accused Police identified the deceased victims as Jianghui Deng, 55, and Chunxiu Yin, 54. They were found in a residential building near Joyce Street and Vanness Avenue on Sept 5. Jinfeng Guan, 50, was found with life-threatening injuries in a separate building about two blocks away near Vanness Avenue and Spencer Street. She died in hospital on Sept 11. The accused is Viet Quy John Ly, 54. He was charged on Sept 7 with two counts of second degree murder and one count of aggravated assault, and remains in custody. Police say they have submitted evidence to Crown counsel to consider additional charges following Guan’s death. No additional or amended charges had been posted publicly as of Sept 17. Current Charges: What Could Change? Viet Quy John Ly is charged with two counts of second degree murder and one count of aggravated assault. Police say they have submitted evidence to Crown counsel to consider additional charges following Jinfeng Guan’s death. What Second Degree Murder Means in Canada All murder that is not first degree is classified as second degree under the Criminal Code. A conviction for first or second degree murder carries a mandatory life sentence. What Does Aggravated Assault Mean? Aggravated assault is defined as wounding, maiming, disfiguring, or endangering the life of the complainant, with a maximum penalty of 14 years. After a victim dies - how charges may be reassessed Crown prosecutors apply a two part test for charge approval and continue to reassess that test throughout a prosecution. New evidence, including a victim’s death, can lead Crown to amend or add charges if the evidentiary and public interest standards are met. East Vancouver Triple Stabbing: What Happens Next in Court Custody status and next date Viet Quy John Ly remains in custody after interim bail was denied . His next appearance is set for Sept 26 at Vancouver Provincial Court. How to check daily court lists BC posts daily court lists each morning that show scheduled appearances by accused name. You can search the provincial Daily Court Lists and Court Services Online on the morning of the hearing. If you need help now VictimLinkBC offers 24-7 confidential support and referrals for victims and witnesses in B.C. Call 911 if you are in immediate danger, or use the VPD non-emergency line for non-urgent reports. Stay safe. Related reading: Surrey Bear Creek Park Shooting Canada’s Most Dangerous Cities Two Fatal Shootings in Burnaby & Langley Tied to Gang Violence

When personal safety is on the line, lethal force isn’t always an option—but neither is being defenseless. That’s where Byrna non-lethal self-defense launchers come in. Unlike traditional firearms, Byrna launchers fire CO₂-powered kinetic, chemical, and pepper rounds to stop threats without the legal risks of a firearm. But not all Byrna launchers are built the same. Some pack more power, some are compact for everyday carry, and others are budget-friendly for home defense. In this guide, we break down the Byrna LE vs SD vs Mission 4 vs SE, what they do, and which one gives you the protection you need. What is a Byrna Self-Defense Launcher? A Byrna self-defense launcher is a CO₂-powered, non-lethal device designed to stop threats without deadly force. Unlike traditional firearms, Byrna launchers fire kinetic impact rounds, chemical irritants (like pepper spray), and tear gas projectiles to deter and incapacitate attackers from a safe distance. These launchers are commonly used for home defense, personal safety, and law enforcement training, offering a safe alternative to firearms while still delivering stopping power comparable to traditional self-defense tools. Byrna Le vs SD: Different Byrna Launchers Explained Byrna offers several models of launchers, each designed for different self-defense and law enforcement needs. While they share the same CO₂-powered system, projectile compatibility, and purpose, they have key differences in performance, features, and intended use. Feature Byrna Mission 4 Byrna TCR Byrna LE Byrna SD Magazine Capacity 19+19 rounds (38 total) 12+7 rounds (19 total) 8 rounds 5 rounds Muzzle Velocity 325 FPS 295 FPS 330 FPS 300 FPS Effective Range 100 feet 60 feet 60 feet 50 feet CO₂ Cartridge 88g (high capacity) 12g 8g 8g Best For Home defense, security, property protection Tactical training, security teams EDC defense, duty use Compact carry, personal defense The Mission 4  is the most powerful Byrna launcher available, offering the best stopping power, accuracy, and shot capacity. Here are all the models explained below: 1. Byrna SD (Self Defense) The Byrna SD (formerly Byrna HD) is the most popular model and a go-to choice for civilians looking for a compact, reliable self-defense launcher. Fires up to 60 feet with kinetic or chemical projectiles Semi-automatic firing with a 5-round magazine No permit required in most U.S. states Compatible with Byrna MAX, Kinetic, and Pepper rounds This model is perfect for home defense, personal carry, and travel, offering a balance of power and ease of use. 2. Byrna LE (Law Enforcement) The Byrna LE is the most advanced model in Byrna’s lineup, designed for law enforcement professionals and serious self-defense users. Higher muzzle velocity than the SD (up to 340 FPS vs. 300 FPS) Increased accuracy and range with a more refined trigger pull Improved grip and ergonomics for faster handling Still a non-lethal alternative, but with more force behind each shot For users who want the most power and accuracy, the Byrna LE is the best choice. 3.  Byrna Mission 4 Unlike the Byrna SD or LE, which are compact pistol-style launchers, the Mission 4 is a full-sized rifle designed for maximum effectiveness. Byrna’s most powerful and high-capacity launcher 19+19 round magazines (38 total) 100-foot effective range Best for home and property defense 4. Byrna TCR (Tactical Compact Rifle) For those looking for a home defense solution with more tactical capability, the Byrna TCR offers: Larger capacity magazines for extended engagement Carbine-style ergonomics for greater stability and control Upgraded CO₂ system for more consistent shot performance This model is best for homeowners, security professionals, and those who want a more intimidating presence for deterring intruders. How Does a Byrna Self-Defense Launcher Work? Unlike traditional firearms that rely on gunpowder and bullets, Byrna launchers use compressed CO₂ cartridges to fire projectiles. These projectiles can be kinetic impact rounds, chemical irritant rounds, or training rounds, giving users flexibility in how they defend themselves. The Mechanics of a Byrna Launcher A Byrna launcher operates similarly to a semi-automatic pistol, but instead of firing bullets, it uses .68 caliber projectiles powered by a CO₂ cartridge. Here’s how it works: 1️⃣ Load a CO₂ Cartridge – Byrna launchers use 8-gram CO₂ cartridges that provide consistent shot power. Once punctured, a single cartridge can fire 15-25 rounds, depending on the model. 2️⃣ Insert a Magazine – Magazines hold 5 to 7 rounds, depending on the model. Users can load kinetic, pepper, or training rounds depending on the situation. 3️⃣ Pull the Trigger – When fired, the CO₂ gas rapidly expands, propelling the projectile at speeds of 220-340 feet per second (FPS). Higher FPS means more impact force. 4️⃣ Projectile Impact – The round strikes the target, either causing a painful kinetic impact or releasing a chemical irritant to incapacitate the attacker. 5️⃣ Reload & Repeat – Users can quickly reload spare magazines or swap CO₂ cartridges for continuous self-defense capability. Types of Byrna Self-Defense Rounds Byrna launchers stand out because they fire a variety of non-lethal ammunition. Different projectiles offer unique tactical advantages depending on the situation. 🟠 Kinetic Rounds – Impact-Only, No Chemicals Solid plastic balls designed to cause painful blunt-force impact Effective for stopping an attacker without the use of chemicals Legal for self-defense even in areas where chemical rounds are restricted 🔴 Byrna MAX Projectiles - A powerful gas & pepper spray combo A combination of OC (Oleoresin Capsicum) pepper spray and CS tear gas Causes instant burning in the eyes, nose, and lungs Effects last 15-30 minutes, giving users time to escape 🟢 Byrna Pepper Rounds – Strong but Legal in More States Contains only OC pepper irritant without CS tear gas Legal in some areas where Byrna MAX rounds are restricted Provides temporary blindness, breathing difficulty, and disorientation 🔵 Byrna Eco-Kinetic Rounds – Training & Practice Biodegradable projectiles for safe outdoor training Lower cost per round, making them ideal for practice No chemical irritants, but still deliver a small impact 🏠 Byrna Pro Training Rounds – Inert & Reusable Identical in weight and size to live rounds but contain no chemicals Used for realistic self-defense training without cleanup Perfect for practice drills and learning proper aim Which Byrna Round is Right for You? 🔹 Home defense: Byrna MAX rounds provide the most stopping power. 🔹 Everyday carry: Pepper rounds give reliable defense without tear gas. 🔹 Training & accuracy practice: Eco-Kinetic or Pro Training rounds are ideal. 🔹 legal restrictions: Kinetic rounds work even where chemical rounds are banned. Must-Answer Questions for Byrna Self-Defense 1. Is the Byrna considered a firearm? USA No, the Byrna is not classified as a firearm under U.S. federal law. The ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives) has confirmed that Byrna launchers are not firearms because they do not use gunpowder, primers, or traditional ammunition. Instead, they rely on CO₂-powered projectiles. This means no background check is required to purchase one, unlike a traditional handgun. Some states and municipalities have restrictions on possession, transportation, or public carry, so check your local laws before use. Canada In Canada, Byrna launchers are classified as firearms under the Canadian Criminal Code, but they are exempt from licensing requirements because their firing velocity remains below 500 feet per second (150 meters per second). While Byrna launchers are technically legal to buy and own in Canada, Canadian law strictly prohibits carrying any weapon, including Byrna launchers, for the purpose of self-defense. Unlike in the U.S., self-defense laws in Canada do not justify the proactive carrying of weapons, even non-lethal ones. Possession of a Byrna launcher is generally restricted to home defense, and carrying one in public—whether concealed or openly—can lead to serious legal consequences under weapons possession laws. Moreover, intent matters under Canadian law. Even if an item is not technically prohibited, carrying it with the intent to use it as a weapon may violate Section 88 of the Criminal Code, which prohibits possession of a weapon for a dangerous purpose. This applies to items like bear spray, tactical flashlights, and even everyday objects like canes, if carried with the intent of self-defense. 2. Do I need a permit or background check to own a Byrna? No federal permit is required to own a Byrna launcher, but some state and local regulations apply. California, New York, and Washington D.C. have specific restrictions that may require a special license or ban certain projectiles. International buyers should also check local laws, as some countries classify CO₂-powered self-defense weapons as restricted devices. 3. Where can I legally carry my Byrna launcher? In most U.S. states, Byrna launchers can be carried without a permit. However, some states restrict carrying in public, especially if the launcher resembles a real firearm. Schools, government buildings, and airports often prohibit Byrna devices. International restrictions vary, with Canada, Australia, and parts of Europe banning CO₂-powered launchers entirely. 4. How should I maintain and store my Byrna launcher? Store in a dry, temperature-controlled environment to prevent CO₂ cartridge leaks. Check the launcher monthly for pressure loss or mechanical issues. Clean the barrel and chamber after firing chemical projectiles to prevent residue buildup. 5. Are there any travel restrictions with a Byrna launcher? Checked Baggage Only – Most airlines prohibit carrying Byrna launchers in carry-on luggage but may allow them in checked bags. CO₂ Cartridges & Chemical Rounds Are Restricted – Airlines and international customs often prohibit pressurized gas cartridges and chemical projectiles. State & Country Laws Differ – Some states ban launchers outright, while others allow possession but restrict transportation. 6. Is the Byrna launcher available in different colors? Yes! Byrna launchers are available in multiple colors for legal compliance and personalization. Some states require less-lethal weapons to be distinguishable from firearms. Black / Gray / Tan – Tactical, discreet appearance. Safety Orange / Yellow – Reduces risk of misidentification by law enforcement. 7. Can I leave my Byrna loaded? Yes, but CO₂ cartridges should not remain punctured for extended periods. Byrna recommends replacing CO₂ cartridges every 6-12 months to ensure pressure retention. Leaving a punctured CO₂ cartridge in for too long can lead to leaks and reduced performance. 💡 Pro Tip:  Keep an extra unpunctured CO₂ cartridge in your bag or holster for quick swaps. 8. How long will a CO₂ cartridge last in a Byrna? Unpunctured: Can last years if stored properly. Once punctured: A CO₂ cartridge holds pressure for 24-48 hours, after which it may leak. After firing: A full CO₂ cartridge lasts for 15-20 shots before needing replacement. 9. What is the most powerful Byrna gun? The Byrna LE (Law Enforcement Edition) is the most powerful model, firing at 350 FPS—higher than the standard SD model. It also holds 7 rounds per magazine, compared to 5 rounds in other models. Designed for maximum stopping power and accuracy in self-defense situations. Final Thoughts on Byrna Self-Defense Byrna launchers provide an effective, non-lethal self-defense option without the legal complexities of firearms. Whether you choose the Byrna SD, LE, EP, or TCR, you get reliable personal protection with the ability to deter attackers at a safe distance. ✅ For maximum stopping power: Byrna LE + Byrna MAX projectiles. ✅ For budget-friendly defense: Byrna SD with standard kinetic rounds. ✅ For tactical use: Byrna TCR with high-capacity magazines. Before purchasing, always check local laws and train with your Byrna launcher to be fully prepared for self-defense situations. Want More Non-Lethal Self-Defense Tips? Check out: Best Byrna Gun On Amazon Can You Carry a Byrna Gun in California? Byrna Gun Wounds: First Aid Guide

Police are seen in Delta on Saturday September 20, 2025. (CityNews Image) Delta, B.C.  — A 17-year-old male remains in hospital with serious injuries following a targeted shooting in Delta on Friday evening. Delta Shooting Investigation The Delta Police Department said officers were dispatched at approximately 8:15 p.m. on September 19, 2025, to reports of gunfire in the 900 block of English Bluff Road, near Fred Gingell Park. The victim, identified only as a teenager from another Lower Mainland community, was travelling with a group of high school students on a party bus. The bus had made a stop at the park when the shooting occurred. Police confirmed the teen was struck by gunfire and transported to hospital. His injuries were described as serious. Investigation Investigators believe the incident was targeted. No arrests have been made. A newer model silver or grey Toyota Camry was seen fleeing the area shortly after the shooting. Detectives are seeking any dashcam or CCTV footage that may show the vehicle or suspects. Police have conducted door-to-door canvassing in the surrounding neighbourhood as part of their investigation. Anyone with information is asked to contact the Delta Police Department at 604-946-4444 or email tips@deltapolice.ca . Police Statements In a statement released on Saturday, the Delta Police confirmed the victim was not from Delta and that the shooting took place while the group was visiting. Authorities emphasized that the case is under active investigation. Community and Context The shooting took place near Fred Gingell Park, a public area overlooking the Tsawwassen bluffs. Police said there was no indication of risk to the wider public beyond the targeted incident. According to Delta Police crime reporting data, the municipality has generally recorded lower violent crime rates compared to other Metro Vancouver jurisdictions. However, targeted incidents, while less frequent, have occurred in past years. Current Status Victim: 17-year-old male, serious injuries, hospital care. Suspect vehicle: silver or grey newer model Toyota Camry. Police activity: canvassing, collecting video, ongoing investigation. Public appeal: witnesses and anyone with footage urged to come forward. The investigation remains active, and no further details about suspects or motive have been released.

Vancouver, BC – During a recent court hearing, Martin Charest, the inmate who fatally assaulted convicted serial killer Robert Pickton, testified in court. He pleaded guilty to murder, stating his actions were not for himself but for those Pickton had harmed. Martin Charest's Testimony On Thursday, Charest admitted to using a broken broom handle to assault Pickton at the Port-Cartier federal penitentiary in May 2024. He expressed “no remorse” and asserted that his motive was to bring some form of justice for Pickton’s numerous victims. “I know that we can’t take justice into our own hands, but I killed him for the victims, not for myself,” Charest told the court. Background: Pickton’s Crimes & Death Robert Pickton was convicted in 2007 of six counts of second-degree murder for crimes committed at his pig farm in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia. You can read my full guide on him here . While he was originally charged with many more murders, additional charges were stayed after his life sentence was imposed. On May 19, 2024, Charest attacked Pickton in prison using part of a broken broom handle. Pickton was airlifted to hospital but succumbed to his injuries on May 31, 2024, at the age of 74. Serial killer Robert Pickton, shown here during his murder trial in 2006, was fatally assaulted at the Port-Cartier federal penitentiary in May 2024. (Jane Wolsack/The Canadian Press) The Concept of Vigilante Justice Charest's actions raise important questions about vigilante justice. He claims his motive was retribution on behalf of victims. This courtroom statement forces us to consider how motives are treated when violence occurs behind bars. Is it ever justifiable to take the law into your own hands? When does seeking justice cross the line into unlawful behavior? These are complex questions that society must grapple with. The Impact on Victims' Families The families of Pickton's victims have endured unimaginable pain. They sought justice through the legal system, but many felt it failed them. Charest's actions may resonate with some who believe that true justice was never served. For the families, the question remains: does this act of violence provide closure, or does it open old wounds? The emotional toll is significant, and the impact of such actions can ripple through communities. Legal Implications of Vigilante Actions Charest’s case also highlights the legal ramifications of vigilante justice. While he may feel justified, the law does not typically condone taking matters into one’s own hands. In Canada, the legal system is designed to handle crimes and punish offenders. When individuals act outside of this system, they risk facing severe consequences. Charest now faces a life sentence for his actions, despite his claims of acting for the victims. Public Perception of Justice Public opinion on vigilante justice varies widely. Some view it as a necessary response to a flawed system, while others see it as dangerous and counterproductive. The Pickton case has sparked debates about the effectiveness of the justice system. Are there gaps that need addressing? How can we ensure that victims and their families feel heard and supported? Conclusion: A Call for Reflection The tragic events surrounding Robert Pickton and Martin Charest compel us to reflect on justice, morality, and the law. While Charest may have acted out of a sense of duty to the victims, his actions have led to further violence and legal consequences. As we consider the implications of this case, let’s remember the importance of advocating for a justice system that truly serves all. We must strive for a society where victims feel supported and justice is pursued through lawful means. In the end, the question remains: how can we balance the need for justice with the rule of law? It's a conversation worth having, especially in the context of personal safety and security.

Robert Pickton, also known as the "Pig Farmer Killer," is one of the most infamous Canadian serial killers that used Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside as his hunting ground. In the late 1990s, more and more women vanished from that area, but despite numerous tip offs, the Vancouver Police Department have since admitted to “botching” the case and failing to act fast enough. Robert Pickton The heinous crimes Pickton committed on his farm in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia, not only led to his conviction but also exposed a shocking lack of attention to the plight of Indigenous women who had gone missing. Let’s examine the case of Robert Pickton and delve into the mind of a psychopathic killer. Read: Robert Pickton Attacked In Prison & Speared In The Head Quick Answers: Downtown Eastside: Pickton’s Hunting Ground Timeline of Criminal Events Robert Pickton's Farm Robert Pickton's Mother: A Disturbed Childhood Robert Pickton's Brother: A Complicit Accomplice? Arrest And Trial Details Is Robert Pickton A Psychopath? Robert Pickton Documentary Robert Pickton's Net Worth Downtown Eastside, Vancouver Downtown Eastside: Pickton’s Hunting Ground Robert Pickton was a pig farmer who lived on a sprawling, dilapidated estate. The rundown barns and slaughterhouses provided an ideal façade for a deranged individual who murdered 49 women and fed their remains to his pigs or disposed of them at the local landfill. Pickton would pick his victims around the Downtown Eastside area. He became acquainted with the area by frequenting a rendering plant situated in the area where he would discard animal waste. He would drive along the ten-block stretch known as the Low Track, proposition women with cash and drugs and then drive them to his farm. The police launched an investigation in 2002 after several women went missing in the area, and they eventually focused on Pickton as the prime suspect. In 2004, the police raided his property, and during their search, they found DNA evidence from at least 33 women. The remains of six women were also found on the farm. Despite refusing to confess to police, Pickton was ultimately caught when an undercover officer was placed in his cell. In a moment of disturbing candor, Pickton boasted about his killings, methods of disposing of the bodies, and expressed regret at not achieving his goal of 50 murders, claiming that he had become careless. Timeline of Criminal Events In 1991, Robert Pickton was charged with attempted murder after he stabbed a prostitute named Wendy Lynn Eistetter. In 1997, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) began investigating Pickton and his brother David for the disappearance of several women from Vancouver's Downtown Eastside. In 2002, police obtained a search warrant for Pickton's farm in Port Coquitlam, where they discovered the remains and belongings of many missing women. In 2007, Pickton was convicted of the murders of six women and was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole for 25 years. The Farm Robert Pickton's Farm The crime scene, Robert Pickton's pig farm, was located in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia. After his parents died, Pickton and his siblings sold the majority of the property for urban development, reducing the farm to 6.5 hectares. The farm was a well-known hangout spot for prostitutes and drug addicts. According to The Guardian , the police were given numerous tip-offs about Pickton. “Wayne Leng, a friend of another of the missing women, Sarah de Vries, says he had an anonymous tip that a prostitute who had visited the farm had spotted a number of women's identification cards among Pickton's possessions. He said he also passed this tip on to the police, with no apparent result,” says The Guardian. According to reports, the farm was filthy, with piles of garbage and animal carcasses scattered around. Pickton was known to have used the farm to dispose of the remains of his victims. Robert Pickton's Mother: A Disturbed Childhood Helen Louise Pickton, Robert's mother, was known to be abusive and controlling. Her influence on Pickton's disturbed childhood has been cited as a possible factor that contributed to his psychopathic tendencies. Pickton and his siblings’ life was “ brutal and difficult ” and his father was largely emotionally absent and not involved in raising the children. Louise expected the children to work almost all hours outside of school to slop pigs and attend to the far work. One anecdote in particular summarizes Pickton’s childhood. According to “On The Farm” by Stevie Cameron, when Robert was little he used to “crawl into the carcasses of gutted hogs to hide from people who were angry with him.” Robert Pickton's Brother: A Complicit Accomplice? Dave Pickton, Robert's younger brother, was a co-owner of the pig farm and lived on the property with Robert. Although he was never charged with murder, he was charged with several counts of being an accessory after the fact. The police suspected that Dave was aware of his brother's actions but chose to remain silent. In an interview with CBC News, Dave denied any involvement in the murders. He “had “no idea” sex workers were visiting his family's property and murdered and he disputes the accusation that he ever helped his brother cover up his crimes. Arrest And Trial Details Robert Pickton was arrested on February 22, 2002, and charged with two counts of first-degree murder and was convicted for the murders of Marnie Frey, Mona Wilson, Andrea Joesbury, Sereena Abotsway, Brenda Wolfe and Georgina Papin. The investigation quickly grew as three more charges were added two months later, followed by three more after a few days, and an additional four in both September and October. Forensic analysis proved difficult as the bodies were severely mutilated and in advanced stages of decomposition. It was also rumored that he fed the bodies directly to his pigs and even mixed the human flesh with the pork which he sold to the public, although these are allegations only. On January 30, 2006, Pickton's trial began where he pleaded not guilty to 27 murders. Justice Williams divided the charges into two categories: one group of six counts and another of twenty counts. One of the 27 counts was rejected due to a lack of evidence. On December 9, 2007, the jury found Pickton guilty of six counts of second-degree murder. Judge James Williams sentenced him to life in prison, with no possibility of parole for 25 years, which is the maximum punishment you can receive for second-degree murder. There were later attempts to charge him with the deaths of another 20 women, but a second trial was eventually canceled as the charges would not add any more time to his sentence, given that Pickton was already serving the maximum sentence under the law. Is Robert Pickton A Psychopath? Pickton was diagnosed with psychopathy, a personality disorder characterized by a lack of empathy, a disregard for the rights of others and a tendency toward criminal behavior. Experts say that psychopathy is a complex disorder that can be influenced by both genetics and environmental factors. In Pickton’s case, it is believed that his upbringing and his family's history of criminal behavior may have contributed to his psychopathy. Robert Pickton Documentary: An Eerie Insight into the Mind of a Killer The documentary, “The Pig Farm,” is an award-winning 2011 documentary that investigates the reasons why it took police so many years to convict Pickton despite numerous tip offs. The documentary is not available on Netflix, but on Amazon Prime . Robert Pickton’s Net Worth Robert Pickton’s net worth is unknown. Related Articles: 7 Best Self-Defense Classes For Women Can A Sociopath Be Faithful In A Relationship? Can You Go To Jail For Self-Defense In Canada?

Winnipeg ranks as Canada’s most violent city, based on a February 2025 study by the Fraser Institute. A February 2025 report from the Fraser Institute identifies Winnipeg as Canada’s most violent city. The study examined crime data from 2019 to 2022 across all Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) with populations over 100,000. Canada Crime Rates: Violent Offenses Across Major Cities Between 2019 and 2022, violent crime rates - including homicide, robbery, and aggravated assault - were significantly higher in Western Canada compared to Quebec. Winnipeg topped the list with 675 violent crimes per 100,000 residents, more than double the national average of 262. Other high-ranking cities included Thunder Bay (611), Regina (519), Saskatoon (470), Lethbridge (442), and Edmonton (418). Among Canada’s five largest metropolitan areas, Calgary ranked 11th overall, recording the highest violent crime rate in that group. Vancouver (16th), Montreal (18th), and Toronto (24th) followed. Several cities reported rates close to the national urban average: Brantford (278), London (271), Halifax (259), Vancouver (250), and St. John’s (239). The lowest rates were found in Quebec and Ontario cities. Sherbrooke (102), Québec City, Barrie (125), and Guelph (127) reported the lowest levels of violent crime, along with St. Catharines-Niagara (147) and Belleville (152). Property Crime The study also found property crime to be concentrated in Western cities, while Quebec urban centers consistently reported much lower levels. Lethbridge, Alberta, had the highest rate nationwide at 5,521 incidents per 100,000 people, more than double the national urban average of 2,513. Kelowna (4,778) and Regina (4,496) followed. Vancouver (3,885) ranked sixth overall and led among Canada’s largest cities, with Calgary (3,591) close behind. Other cities with above-average rates included Abbotsford-Mission (3,515), Thunder Bay (3,370), and Saskatoon (3,220). Mid-range cities such as London (3,136), Victoria (2,879), and Moncton (2,913) hovered above or near the national average. Cities slightly below included Halifax (2,527), Brantford (2,471), and St. John’s (2,140). Quebec cities recorded the lowest property crime: Québec City (925), Saguenay (1,057), and Sherbrooke (1,172). Other low-crime areas included Trois-Rivières (1,335), Saint John (1,452), and Montreal (1,514). Canada vs. the U.S. The study also compared Canadian crime to American trends. From 2014 to 2022, Canada’s violent crime rate rose by 43.8%, reaching 434.1 per 100,000 people - about 14% higher than the U.S. rate. Property crime in CThe study also compared Canadian crime to American trends. From 2014 to 2022, Canada’s violent crime rate rose by 43.8%, reaching 434.1 per 100,000 people - about 14% higher than the U.S. rate.anada is also now 27.5% higher than in the U.S. Although overall levels remain historically low, the Fraser Institute warns the upward trend is a concern for policymakers and the public. Related reading: Vancouver Crime  Rate: Areas To Avoid What City Has The Worst Crime  Rate in Canada? 10 Self Defense Tools You Can Legally Carry In Canada

The term Castle Doctrine  often appears in American news. It's the idea that your home is your castle and you have the right to use force, even deadly force, to defend it from intruders. Canada does not have a Castle Doctrine. Here, the Criminal Code sets a different standard. You can protect yourself, your family, and your property, but only if the force you use is considered reasonable for the situation. In practice, that means if someone breaks into your home without a weapon, you cannot respond with deadly force. This difference has fueled debate about whether Canada should copy the U.S. model. Some argue for stronger legal protection for homeowners, while others believe the current limits are necessary to prevent misuse. So what does Canadian law actually allow when you defend your home and family? Self-Defense in Canada vs. the U.S. Castle Doctrine Where American Castle Doctrine laws often shield homeowners automatically, Canadian courts judge each case individually. Instead of presuming deadly force is justified, judges and juries look at whether your actions were proportionate to the threat, whether other options were available, and how immediate the danger was. This means Canadians do not have the same automatic legal protection that many Americans do. Every confrontation is tested against the standard of reasonableness, which makes outcomes less predictable but also prevents a blanket right to extreme force. How Canadian Self-Defense Law Works Canadian law on self-defense is found mainly in Section 34 and Section 35 of the Criminal Code . These sections cover defending yourself, other people, and your property. The core rule is that your actions must always be reasonable for the situation. Section 34: Defending Yourself or Others You can use force if you believe someone is using, or about to use, force against you or another person. Your actions must be taken to protect yourself or others. The response must be reasonable, based on the circumstances. Courts look at factors such as: Was the threat immediate? Did the other person have a weapon? Did you have other options besides fighting back? How serious was the danger? Section 35: Defending Property You can use force to stop someone from entering, taking, or damaging your property. You must believe you have the right to that property. Again, the force has to be reasonable. Importantly, you cannot use deadly force to protect property alone. Lethal action is only allowed if you reasonably believe your life, or someone else’s life, is in immediate danger. Difference Between Reasonable vs Not Reasonable Force Canadian courts expect your response to match the threat. For example, if an unarmed intruder enters your home, physically pushing them out or holding them until police arrive would likely be considered reasonable. If the intruder has a weapon, using objects around you to block or protect yourself could also fall within the law, as long as your response is limited to stopping the threat. By contrast, shooting an unarmed person who is only trying to steal property would almost certainly not be seen as reasonable. The same goes for attacking someone after they are already fleeing, or using deadly force when your life or safety is not actually at risk. In these situations, the law would see your actions as excessive. Castle Doctrine Canada: 3 Self-Defense Cases That Shaped the Debate Ali Mian – Milton, Ontario (2023) Ali Mian, 21, of Milton, Ont., shakes hands with his lawyer, Jag Virk, after a second-degree murder charge against him was dropped in court on Monday. (Submitted by Jag Virk) In February 2023, 22-year-old Ali Mian woke to find several armed men breaking into his Milton, Ontario home. The intruders physically assaulted his mother, and Mian, who was a licensed gun owner, fired his handgun and killed one of them. Police charged him with second-degree murder. After reviewing the evidence, the Crown later withdrew the charge, stating there was no reasonable prospect of conviction because his actions could be understood as self-defense. This case showed that when intruders are armed and a family member is under direct attack, Canadian courts may accept deadly force as reasonable. Peter Khill – Hamilton area, Ontario (2016 incident, conviction upheld 2023) Peter Khill was convicted for manslaughter in the shooting death of Jonathan Styres of Six Nations of the Grand River in 2016. In 2016, Peter Khill noticed someone trying to break into his truck outside his rural home. He went outside with a shotgun and confronted 29-year-old Jon Styres, an Indigenous man who was unarmed. Khill fired two shots, killing him. A jury later convicted Khill of manslaughter, and he was sentenced to eight years in prison, which was later reduced to six on appeal. In 2023, the Supreme Court of Canada declined to hear further appeal, leaving the conviction in place. This case highlighted that using deadly force against someone outside the home, especially if they are unarmed, can be judged as disproportionate and as a criminal act. Gerald Stanley – Rural Saskatchewan (2016 incident, verdict 2018) Colten Boushie, left, was fatally shot in August 2016. Gerald Stanley, right, was acquitted of second-degree murder in the death of Boushie. (Facebook/Liam Richards/Canadian Press) Another high-profile case unfolded in Saskatchewan. In 2016, farmer Gerald Stanley shot and killed 22-year-old Colten Boushie, a Cree man, who had driven onto his property with friends. Stanley argued that the shooting was accidental and that he had fired in self-defense while trying to protect his family and property. In 2018, a jury found him not guilty of both second-degree murder and manslaughter. The verdict sparked national debate and protests, raising questions about race, rural property rights, and how self-defense laws are applied. How to Defend Yourself Without Breaking the Law Canadian law does not allow you to carry firearms or most weapons for personal protection. But there are legal and effective ways to increase your safety at home and in daily life. Wildlife spray : Carrying bear spray or dog (coyote) deterrent spray is legal when used for its intended purpose. While it cannot be marketed as a self-defense weapon, many Canadians keep it on hand for outdoor use. It can also help in emergencies when facing a real threat. Alarms and noise deterrents: Personal alarms or air horns draw attention quickly, which is often enough to scare off an intruder. Loud noise is one of the simplest and safest defenses. Home security basics: Simple steps like better locks, motion lights, and doorbell cameras can reduce risk and provide evidence if something happens. Martial arts training: Learning a martial art like jiu-jitsu gives you practical self-defense skills that do not rely on weapons. Even a few basic moves can help you escape from holds, break free if grabbed, or use leverage against someone larger. Tactical flashlights: A strong flashlight with a strobe setting can disorient an attacker long enough for you to get away. These devices are completely legal and double as everyday tools for the home or outdoors. Together, these options give you ways to protect yourself and your family while staying within the law. They focus on prevention, deterrence, and non-lethal defense, which Canadian courts are more likely to view as reasonable. All Your Questions Answered On Castle Doctrine Canada Does Canada have a Castle Doctrine? No. Unlike many U.S. states, Canada does not have a Castle Doctrine law. Instead, the Criminal Code requires that any force you use in self-defense is reasonable and proportionate to the threat. Can you use lethal force to defend property in Canada? No. Deadly force is only justified if you reasonably believe your life or someone else’s life is in immediate danger. Protecting property alone does not allow for lethal force. Do you have to retreat if someone breaks into your home in Canada? No. Canadian law does not impose a legal duty to retreat from your home. However, courts may consider whether you had the option to avoid using force when judging if your actions were reasonable. What counts as reasonable force under Canadian law? Reasonable force is measured by whether your actions matched the threat. For example, pushing out an unarmed intruder may be reasonable, while shooting someone who is not armed or threatening your life would not be.

Vancouver, B.C. – September 20, 2025  — One person was taken to hospital after a crash in East Vancouver Friday night, according to the Provincial Health Services Authority (PHSA). Emergency Response at 41st and Rupert Emergency crews were called to the intersection of East 41st Avenue and Rupert Street just after 8 p.m. on September 19.PHSA confirmed that two ambulances were dispatched to the scene. “Paramedics provided emergency medical treatment for one patient at the scene and transported one patient to hospital,” PHSA media relations told CityNews 1130. Injuries Not Yet Confirmed The extent of the person’s injuries has not been released. PHSA said no further details were available as of Saturday morning. CityNews reported that some calls to its newsroom suggested the incident may have involved a pedestrian, but that detail has not been confirmed. Police Contacted for More Information The Vancouver Police Department (VPD) has been contacted for additional information. As of publication time, VPD has not released a statement on the cause of the crash, whether any vehicles were involved, or if traffic violations contributed. Key Takeaways When:  Friday, Sept. 19, 2025, just after 8 p.m. Where:  East 41st Avenue and Rupert Street, East Vancouver Response:  Two ambulances dispatched, one patient treated and taken to hospital Status:  Injuries not confirmed; police investigating Related reading: Surrey Bear Creek Park Shooting Canada’s Most Dangerous Cities Two Fatal Shootings in Burnaby & Langley Tied to Gang Violence